Organoids

Cartilage organoids as models for chondrogenesis and cartilage disease, covering differentiation, matrix synthesis, cultivation, and characterization.

Four-layer organoid recapitulates resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, and calcified zones of the native physis

GelMA microspheres used to build cartilage organoid precursors, tested for defect repair.

Callus organoids carrying endothelium regenerate critical-size long bone defects; the cartilage callus route to bone, built in a dish.

Hydrogel combining collagen, hyaluronic acid, and PVA with gradient porosity steers bone marrow stromal cells toward cartilage fate in osteochondral constructs.

Exosomes, MSC, and nanofat all improved graft viability; exosomes gave the best GAG and collagen II retention at 8 weeks. Thin; reconstructive model.